Thursday, May 20, 2010
FA-18TRB
Note: This is chapter-6 of my report written on F-18 Hornet which contains history,feautre and my designs for F-18. This is my design called F-18TRB
This new design is made in keeping under consideration requirements of Pakistan air force. This particular design could go to more then 5000 feet’s because of RAM-Jet engine and could perform reconnaissance operation easily and also it could be use as a strategic bomber.
6.1). Nomenclature:
F/A-18 is a generic name but TRB stands for Talha Reconnaissance Bomber. Talha is designer of that aircraft .
6.2). Engine:
This aircraft uses ramjet engine for producing thrust for this prêt and whitney J-59 engine is used. Ramjets engine can go upto mach-5 and they can easily achieve mach-3. A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet, or an athodyd, is a form of jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor.
Fig-40: RAMJET Engine
6.2.1). J-59 engine:
It is ancestor of J-58 engine which was used in SR-71 Blackbird. This particular engine is more fuel efficient and could work easily at mid level altitudes. This particular engine produces more thrust consumes less fuel and perform its best at high altitudes.
Fig-41 : J-58 Engine of SR-71 Blackbird
Fig-42 : Components of RAMJET engine
6.2.2). Drawback of RAMJET Engines:
The avionics includes
• GPS
• TACAN
• GBAS
• WAAS
• Air data computer
• V.R.D
• ESM
• ECM
• ECCM
• IFF
• DAS
• STANAG-3910 (for communication)
• FMS
• FLIR
• BVR
• RADAR
• Night vision IR
6.4). Navigation:
For navigation F/A-18TRB uses INS, GPS, TACAN and Digital map. More or often aircraft is dependent on INS because it has to operate in enemy’s territory and Pakistan do not have its own satellite. That’s why it is equipped with the most stable gyroscopic platform the gyroscopes used are optical with great efficiency.
For landing aids it is equipped with ILS, GBAS, and WAAS.
6.5). Avionic Bus:
STANAG-3910 is used as a communication bus because it can accommodate fly by light as well as fly by wire equipment which enhances the COTS capability of aircraft.
6.6).Communications:
• VHF
• UHF
• HF
• SHF SatCom
• Link 16
6.7). Mission System:
• RADAR
• Electro optics
• ESM
• ECM
• ECCM
• DASS
• Laser Designator
• Mission recoding
• Data loader
• Cameras
• IR camera
• Moving target indicator
• Mission System data bus
6.8). Weapons:
• Air-to-ground missile
• Free fall bombs
• Laser guided Bombs
• Rockets
• Weapons bus
• Chafs
• Flares
• Nuclear missiles.
6.9). DISPLAY:
V.R.D (virtual retinal display)
6.9.1). V.R.D:
A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector, is a display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. (However, the portion of the visual area where imagery appears must still intersect with optical elements of the display system. It is not possible to display an image over a solid angle from a point source unless the projection system can bypass the lenses within the eye.)
Fig-43: V.R.D looks like a goggle
Fig-44: Block diagram of V.R.D
The VRD device rapidly scans low power, red, green, and blue lasers directly on the retina of the eye. Thus, it "paints" the image directly on the retina of the eye rather than the eye reading light from conventional displays such as the activated phosphors of a CRT or from light valves such as the LCD.
Fig-45: Diagrams are the property of Micro vision and used with permission
6.9.2). Advantages of V.R.D
The VRD system scanning light into only one of our eyes allows images to be laid over our view of real objects, and could give us an animated, X-ray like image of a car's engine or human body, for example.
VRD system can also show an image in each eye with a very little angle difference for simulating three-dimensional scenes with high fidelity spectral colors. If applied to video games, for instance, gamers could have an enhanced sense of reality that liquid-crystal-display glasses could never provide, because the VRD can refocus dynamically to simulate near and distant objects with a far superior level of realism.
This system only generates essentially needed photons, and as such it is more efficient for mobile devices that are only designed to serve a single user. A VRD could potentially use tens or hundreds of times less power for Mobile Telephone and Netbook based applications.
This helps the pilot in seeing 360 degree view and focus on every object precisely. Pilot can distinguish between two similar objects and could identify them moving.
1. Potentially very small and lightweight, glasses mountable
2. Large field and angle of view, greater than 120 degrees
3. High resolution, approaching that of human vision
4. Full color with better potential color resolution than conventional displays
5. Brightness and contrast ratio sufficient for outdoor use
6. True stereo 3D display with depth modulation
7. Fully inclusive or see through
8. Bypasses many of the eye's optical and retinal defects
6.9.3). Eye tracking:
Pilot do not have to see straight the intelligent system senses the retina and project the respective picture on the retina. Eye tracking devices for input add to this remarkable potential by offering hands-off control of computers and machinery. Automated capture of information through eye movements reduces task loading and increases the amount of data gathered. Other human facilities are left free for additional work. Eye movement becomes a previously untapped mode of communication. When coupled with the VRD, the system offers a major step toward one of the main tenets of ubiquitous computing initially described by Mark Weiser and his colleagues at Xerox PARC. That is, a less intrusive interface to the computer.
Fig-46 : V.R.D looks like
This new design is made in keeping under consideration requirements of Pakistan air force. This particular design could go to more then 5000 feet’s because of RAM-Jet engine and could perform reconnaissance operation easily and also it could be use as a strategic bomber.
6.1). Nomenclature:
F/A-18 is a generic name but TRB stands for Talha Reconnaissance Bomber. Talha is designer of that aircraft .
6.2). Engine:
This aircraft uses ramjet engine for producing thrust for this prêt and whitney J-59 engine is used. Ramjets engine can go upto mach-5 and they can easily achieve mach-3. A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet, or an athodyd, is a form of jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor.
Fig-40: RAMJET Engine
6.2.1). J-59 engine:
It is ancestor of J-58 engine which was used in SR-71 Blackbird. This particular engine is more fuel efficient and could work easily at mid level altitudes. This particular engine produces more thrust consumes less fuel and perform its best at high altitudes.
6.2.2). Drawback of RAMJET Engines:
Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed and thus cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. Ramjets require considerable forward speed to operate well, and as a class work most efficiently at speeds around Mach 3. So ramjets requires special devices to move aircraft also it requires some altitude for its best performance.
6.3). Avionics:
• GPS
• TACAN
• GBAS
• WAAS
• Air data computer
• V.R.D
• ESM
• ECM
• ECCM
• IFF
• DAS
• STANAG-3910 (for communication)
• FMS
• FLIR
• BVR
• RADAR
• Night vision IR
6.4). Navigation:
For navigation F/A-18TRB uses INS, GPS, TACAN and Digital map. More or often aircraft is dependent on INS because it has to operate in enemy’s territory and Pakistan do not have its own satellite. That’s why it is equipped with the most stable gyroscopic platform the gyroscopes used are optical with great efficiency.
For landing aids it is equipped with ILS, GBAS, and WAAS.
6.5). Avionic Bus:
STANAG-3910 is used as a communication bus because it can accommodate fly by light as well as fly by wire equipment which enhances the COTS capability of aircraft.
6.6).Communications:
• VHF
• UHF
• HF
• SHF SatCom
• Link 16
6.7). Mission System:
• RADAR
• Electro optics
• ESM
• ECM
• ECCM
• DASS
• Laser Designator
• Mission recoding
• Data loader
• Cameras
• IR camera
• Moving target indicator
• Mission System data bus
6.8). Weapons:
• Air-to-ground missile
• Free fall bombs
• Laser guided Bombs
• Rockets
• Weapons bus
• Chafs
• Flares
• Nuclear missiles.
6.9). DISPLAY:
V.R.D (virtual retinal display)
6.9.1). V.R.D:
A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector, is a display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. (However, the portion of the visual area where imagery appears must still intersect with optical elements of the display system. It is not possible to display an image over a solid angle from a point source unless the projection system can bypass the lenses within the eye.)
Fig-43: V.R.D looks like a goggle
The VRD device rapidly scans low power, red, green, and blue lasers directly on the retina of the eye. Thus, it "paints" the image directly on the retina of the eye rather than the eye reading light from conventional displays such as the activated phosphors of a CRT or from light valves such as the LCD.
Fig-45: Diagrams are the property of Micro vision and used with permission
6.9.2). Advantages of V.R.D
The VRD system scanning light into only one of our eyes allows images to be laid over our view of real objects, and could give us an animated, X-ray like image of a car's engine or human body, for example.
VRD system can also show an image in each eye with a very little angle difference for simulating three-dimensional scenes with high fidelity spectral colors. If applied to video games, for instance, gamers could have an enhanced sense of reality that liquid-crystal-display glasses could never provide, because the VRD can refocus dynamically to simulate near and distant objects with a far superior level of realism.
This system only generates essentially needed photons, and as such it is more efficient for mobile devices that are only designed to serve a single user. A VRD could potentially use tens or hundreds of times less power for Mobile Telephone and Netbook based applications.
This helps the pilot in seeing 360 degree view and focus on every object precisely. Pilot can distinguish between two similar objects and could identify them moving.
1. Potentially very small and lightweight, glasses mountable
2. Large field and angle of view, greater than 120 degrees
3. High resolution, approaching that of human vision
4. Full color with better potential color resolution than conventional displays
5. Brightness and contrast ratio sufficient for outdoor use
6. True stereo 3D display with depth modulation
7. Fully inclusive or see through
8. Bypasses many of the eye's optical and retinal defects
6.9.3). Eye tracking:
Pilot do not have to see straight the intelligent system senses the retina and project the respective picture on the retina. Eye tracking devices for input add to this remarkable potential by offering hands-off control of computers and machinery. Automated capture of information through eye movements reduces task loading and increases the amount of data gathered. Other human facilities are left free for additional work. Eye movement becomes a previously untapped mode of communication. When coupled with the VRD, the system offers a major step toward one of the main tenets of ubiquitous computing initially described by Mark Weiser and his colleagues at Xerox PARC. That is, a less intrusive interface to the computer.
Fig-46 : V.R.D looks like
Fig-47: Actual V.R.D used in games
6.10).Distributed aperture system:
Electo-Optical Distributed Aperture System (DAS) which performs multiple tasks including missile warning, missile launch location targeting and also detects and tracks approaching aircraft and missiles using a spherical sensor system powered by six highly-advanced infrared digital cameras located around the aircraft. The later system creates a 360-degree spherical panorama, in real time, that is then projected inside the knarly sci-fi pilot helmet which brings a whole new level of targeting, target visualization and situational awareness to the pilot
Fig-48: Typical DAS qualities
Fig-49: DAS looks like
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